Table 1 Key characteristics of included studies.
From: Environmental impact of dental amalgam and alternative restorative materials: a systematic review
Study [Country] | Study design | Setting | Restorative material [Activity] | Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Kawas 2008 [United Arab Emirates]: JAP [25] | Cross-sectional with comparator | Clinic | Amalgam, composite, glass-ionomer [Restorations, removals] | Mercury levels in wastewater |
Binner 2022 [Ireland]; JAP [26]; Harding 2022 [Ireland] GLR [24] | Cross-sectional | Clinic | Composite, glass-ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer cements [NR] | Animal toxicity of restorative materials |
Duane 2017 [UK]; JAP [27] | Secondary analysis of dataset | Clinic | Amalgam, composite, glass-ionomer [Restorations] | Carbon footprint of restorative materials |
Gioda 2007 [USA]; JAP [28] | Before and after study | Clinic and lab | Amalgam [Restorations, removals] | Mercury levels in vapour |
Kim 2018 [South Korea]; JAP [29] | Cross-sectional | Clinic | Amalgam [Incineration] | Mercury levels in emissions |
Kontogianni 2008 [Greece]; JAP [30] | Cross-sectional survey | Clinic | Amalgam [NR] | Mercury levels in solid waste |
Majstorovic 2024 [Croatia]; JAP [31] | Cross-sectional (clinic setting) and controlled trial (lab-based) | Part 1: clinic; part 2: lab | Part 1: NR [NR]; Part 2: Commercial composite, glass-ionomer, laboratory-prepared composite, alkasite, amalgam [Leaching] | Animal toxicity of restorative materials |
Mandalidis 2008 [Greece]; JAP [32] | Cross-sectional | Clinic | Amalgam [Restorations, removals] | Mercury levels in solid waste |
Marquardt 2009 [Germany]; JAP [33] | Cross-sectional | Clinic | Composite [Restorations] | Monomer levels in emissions |
Mourouzis 2022 [Greece]; JAP [34] | Controlled trial | Clinic and lab | Composite, polymer infiltrated ceramic CAD/CAM [Restorations] | Monomers levels in wastewater |
Olivera 2020 [USA]; JAP [35] | Prospective longitudinal | Clinic | Amalgam [Restorations] | Mercury levels in wastewater and in solid waste |
Paryag 2010 [Trinidad and Tobago]; JAP [36] | Modelling study | Lab | Amalgam [Removals] | Mercury levels in wastewater |
Piagno 2020 [Canada]; JAP [37] | Modelling study | Crematorium | Amalgam [Incineration] | Mercury levels in emissions |
Polydorou 2023 [Germany]; JAP [38] | Controlled trial | Lab | Composite [Dental grinding procedures] | Monomer levels in wastewater |
Shraim 2011 [Saudi Arabia]; JAP [39] | Prospective longitudinal with comparator | Clinic | Location 1&2: Amalgam or composite [Restorations], glass ionomer [endodontic treatment]; Location 3a + 3b:Amalgam, composite or glass-ionomer [Restorations]; Location 3c: Composite [Restorations] | Mercury levels in wastewater |
Simu 2014 [Romania]; JAP [40] | Cross-sectional | Clinic | Amalgam, composite, glass-ionomer [ultrasound scaling, root canal preparation, cavity preparation and filling, removal of silver amalgam, composite, glass-ionomer filings, teeth preparation for prosthetic purpose, orthodontic controls, etc.] | Mercury levels in particulate matter |
Stone 2009 [USA]; JAP [41] | Prospective longitudinal with control | Clinic and lab | Dental amalgam [NR] | Mercury levels in wastewater |
Takaoka 2010 [Japan]; JAP [42] | Modelling study | Crematorium | Amalgam [Incineration] | Mercury levels in emissions |
Van Landuyt 2014 [Belgium]; JAP [43] | Controlled trial | Clinic and lab | Composite [grinding material to simulate abrasive procedures, including restorations] | Monomer levels in particulate matter |
Warwick 2013 [Canada]; JAP [45] | Controlled trial (lab based) | Lab | Amalgam [Removals] | Mercury levels in vapour |
Warwick 2019 [Canada]; JAP [44] | Prospective longitudinal with control | Clinic | Amalgam [Removals] | Mercury levels in vapour |
