Table 1 Select studies on endothelial biomarkers in three endothelial complications after alloSCT.

From: Endothelial cell dysfunction: a key determinant for the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Endothelial injury syndrome	Biomarker	Association direction	Specimen	Time point	Application	No. of patients	References
SOS/VOD
	Soluble TM, P-selectin	Increased	Blood plasma	d0 to d + 52	Prediction	25	Catani et al. 1996 [12]
	Soluble TM	Increased	Blood plasma	day+15	Prediction	45	Testa et al. 1996 [16]
	Soluble TM, PAI-1	Increased	Blood plasma	d + 14	ns	28	Nurnberger et al. 1998 [14]
	VWF	Increased	Blood plasma	day0, day+7, day+14	Prognosis	24	Palomo et al. 2010 [15]
	VWF, soluble TM, soluble ICAM-1	Increased	Blood plasma and serum	day-1, day+7	Prediction^b	38	Cutler et al. 2010 [13]
	5-marker panel: L-ficolin, HA, soluble ST2, ANG2, VCAM-1	Increased	Blood plasma	Onset of symptoms, d0	Diagnosis, prognosis (3-marker panel)	45, 35^c	Akil et al. 2015 [11]
TA-TMA
	VWF	Increased	Blood plasma	After engraftment	ns	66	Holler et al. 1989 [19]
	VWF, t-PA	Increased	Blood plasma	d + 19	ns	25	Seeber et al. 1992 [25]
	VWF	Increased	Blood plasma	d + 50	ns	84	Kalhs et al. 1995 [22]
	VWF, soluble TM	Increased	Blood plasma	Onset of symptoms	Diagnosis	52	Zeigler et al. 1996 [26]
	VWF, soluble TM, t-PA	Increased	Blood plasma	d + 14	Prediction	16	Kanamori et al. 1998 [23]
	CFH autoantibodies	Increased	Blood plasma	After diagnosis	ns	3 a	Jodele et al. 2013 [21]
	Soluble terminal complement complex (C5b-9)	Increased	Blood serum	Onset of symptoms	Diagnosis, prognosis	90^d	Jodele et al. 2014 [20]
	Soluble ST2	Increased	Blood serum	Pre-transplant	Prediction	771	Zeisbrich et al. 2017 [27]
	Soluble ST2	Increased	Blood plasma and serum	d + 14	Prediction	95^c,d, 110^c,d, 107^c,d	Rotz et al. 2017 [24]
Acute GVHD
	VWF	Increased	Skin biopsy^e	Onset of aGVHD	Diagnosis	55	Dumler et al. 1989 [33]
	VWF	Increased	Skin biopsy^e	Onset of aGVHD	ns	44	Sviland et al. 1991 [45]
	ICAM-1	Increased	Duodenal biopsy	Onset of aGVHD	ns	18	Roy et al. 1993 [42]
	VWF, VCAM-1	Increased	Skin biopsy^e	Onset of aGVHD	Diagnosis	23	Shen et al. 1994 [44]
	VWF, soluble TM	Increased	Blood plasma	Onset of aGVHD	ns	50	Salat et al. 1997 [43]
	Soluble ICAM-1, E-selectin	Increased	Blood plasma and serum	d + 30	Prediction	49	Matsuda et al. 2001 [37]
	ANG2, EMP	Increased	Blood plasma and serum	d + 28	Prognosis	26	Nomura et al. 2008 [41]
	ANG2	Increased	Blood serum	Pre-transplant, onset of aGVHD	Prognosis	48	Luft et al. 2011 [35]
	Endothelial TM	Decreased	Colon biopsy^f	Onset of aGVHD	Diagnosis	51	Andrulis et al. 2012 [31]
	ANG2	Increased	Blood serum	Pre-transplant	Prognosis	331	Dietrich et al. 2013 [32]
	Bone marrow microvessel density	Increased	Bone marrow	Onset of aGVHD	ns	26	Medinger et al. 2013 [38]
	Soluble ST2	Increased	Blood plasma	d + 14 and start of treatment	Prognosis	381, 296^c, 302^c, 75^c	Van der Lugt et al. 2013 [47]
	Follistatin, PlGF	Increased	Blood plasma and serum	Onset of aGVHD, d + 28	Prognosis	34, 105^c, 158^c, 53^c	Holtan et al. 2015 [34]
	4-marker panel: ANG2, soluble TM, D-dimer, CRP	Increased	Blood plasma	Onset of aGVHD	Prognosis	188	Tatekawa et al. 2016 [46]
	VWF	Increased	Blood plasma	d + 7	Prediction	44	Mir et al. 2017 [39]
	Soluble ST2, REG3α	Increased	Blood plasma and serum	d + 14	Prognosis^g	225	Nomura et al. 2017 [40]
	CEC	Increased	Whole blood	Onset of aGVHD	Diagnosis	90	Almici et al. 2017 [30]
	Soluble ST2, REG3α	Increased	Blood plasma and serum	1 week after start of aGVHD treatment	Prognosis	236, 142^c, 129^c	Major-Monfried et al. 2018 [36]

aGVHD acute graft-versus-host disease, ANG2 angiopoietin 2, CEC circulating endothelial cells, CFH complement factor H, CRP C-reactive protein, HA hyaluronic acid, EMP endothelial cell-derived microparticles, ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1, ns not specified, PAI-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, PlGF placental growth factor, SOS/VOD sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/venoocclusive disease, ST2 suppression of tumorigenicity 2, TA-TMA transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy, TM thrombomodulin, t-PA tissue-type plasminogen activator, VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, VWF von Willebrand factor.
^aIn patients receiving sirolimus.
^bValidation cohort(s).
^cPediatric patients.
^dPatient age 0–30 years.
^ePerivascular extravasation of VWF.
^fLoss of endothelial TM expression.
^gPatients treated with recombinant soluble thrombomodulin.

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Table 1 Select studies on endothelial biomarkers in three endothelial complications after alloSCT.

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