Fig. 1

Characterization of TFNA, wogonin and TWC. a Schematic of the synthesis of TFNA and the preparation of TWC. b, f TFNA and wogonin were characterized by AFM. d, k Analysis of the hydrodynamic size of TFNA and TWC via DLS. e PAGE was used to confirm the successful synthesis of TFNA. h Zeta potentials of ssDNA, TFNA, wogonin, and TWC were determined. i Molecular structure of wogonin. c, g, j TEM was used to verify wogonin, TFNA, and TWC, respectively. l Fluorescence emission spectra of a mixture of Gel-Red, λ (Ex)-312 nm, and Gel-Red-TFNA (250 nmol·L⁻¹) in the presence of increasing concentrations of wogonin (10–50 µmol·L⁻¹) in ddH₂O. The entrapment efficiency was calculated according to the fluorescence intensity at 600 nm (TWC, TFNA/wogonin complexes). m Images of H₂O, TFNA, TWC, and wogonin