Fig. 3

Fluorescence imaging of calcium oscillation and the effects of LIPUS stimulation on different groups of cells. a After LIPUS stimulation, the Fluo-8-labeled cells exhibited increased intracellular calcium levels at different time points. The red arrows show the two-cell calcium oscillation phenomenon. Scale bars, 50 μm. b Representative intracellular calcium traces of three groups of cells (MC3T3-E1, shRNA-Piezo1, and GsMTx4-treated cells) are shown as the fold increase in Fluo-8 intensity in response to LIPUS stimulation. The experiment was performed for six total minutes, including 1 min of baseline without LIPUS stimulation, 3 min of active stimulation (between the two red lines), and 2 min of regression. Time-lapse sequences were collected every 1.8 s for 6 min. In each field of interest, the fluorescence intensities of 10 cells were quantified using LSM Image Browser software