Table 2 Summary of epidemiologic studies regarding the influence of β-blockers on breast cancer outcomes
From: Sympathetic activity in breast cancer and metastasis: partners in crime
Treated group size/total size | β-Blocker used (population size) | Improved patient survival (HR; CI) | Reduced tumor recurrence (HR; CI) | Reduced incidence of metastasis (HR; CI) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
43/466 | Atenolol (25) | Yes (0.291; 0.119–0.715) | Yes (−) | Yes (0.430; 0.200–0.926) | |
Propranolol (7) | |||||
Bisoprolol (7) | |||||
Timolol (4) | |||||
595/4 738 | Atenolol (525) | Yes (0.19; 0.06–0.60) | N.D. | Yes (−) | |
Propranolol (70) | |||||
204/1 779 | Atenolol (−) | No (0.76; 0.44–1.33) | No (0.86; 0.57–1.32) | N.D. | |
Metoprolol (−) | |||||
Propranolol (−) | |||||
Others (−) | |||||
102/1 413 | Metoprolol (43) | No (0.64; 0.38–1.07) | Yes (0.52; 0.31–0.88) | N.D. | |
Atenolol (38) | |||||
Others (21) | |||||
74/800 | Carvedilol (11) | Yes (0.42; 0.18–0.97) | Yes (0.52; 0.28–0.97) | Yes (0.32; 0.12–0.90) | |
Sotalol (3) | |||||
Atenolol (27) | |||||
Betaxolol (1) | |||||
Bisoprolol (11) | |||||
Metoprolol (8) | |||||
Nebivolol (13) | |||||
3 660/18 733 | Metoprolol (1 793) Atenolol (622) | N.D. | No (1.3; 1.1–1.5) | N.D. | |
Propranolol (586) | |||||
Others (659) | |||||
1 770/55 252 | Propranolol (1 770) | No (0.94; 0.77–1.16) | N.D. | N.D. | |
1 443/5 754 | Carvedilol (22) | No (1.11; 0.94–1.32) | N.D. | N.D. | |
Sotalol (84) | |||||
Atenolol (854) | |||||
Bisoprolol (189) | |||||
Metoprolol (45) | |||||
Propranolol (249) | |||||
153/1 144 | Bisoprolol (59) | No (1.05; 0.85–1.29) | Yes (0.81; 0.66–0.99) | N.D. | |
Metoprolol (48) | |||||
Atenolol (28) | |||||
Propranolol (13) | |||||
Others (5) | |||||
93/956 | N.D. | Yes (0.48; 0.23–0.99) | No (0.93; 0.39–2.25) | Yes (0.40; 0.17–0.93) |
