Table 1 Signaling pathways in energy metabolism regulated by factors secreted by bone tissue cells
From: Endocrine role of bone in the regulation of energy metabolism
Bone-derived factors | Target cells | Signaling pathway | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
OCN | Islet β-cell | PLC/PKC/Ras/MEK↑→Kv↓→ Ca2+↑ | Promote β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion | |
srebp1c/ChREBP↑ | ||||
NF-κB↓→ ER stress↓ | ||||
Adipocyte | Rap1↑→ CREB/PPARγ↑→ ADPN/IL-10↑, TNFα/IL-6↓ | Promote fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis | ||
GULT4↑ | ||||
TCF7↑→UCP1/prdm16↑ | ||||
Hepatocyte | JNK↓, Nrf2↑ | Promote hepatic fibrosis and NAFLD | ||
Intestinal epithelial cell | GLP-1↑ | Promote insulin secretion | ||
Muscle cell | AS160 phosphorylation↑ | Promote glucose uptake | ||
Vascular endothelial cell | ER stress, apoptosis↓ | Promote insulin signaling | ||
OPG | Islet β-cell | RANK-RANKL↑ | Promote β-cell proliferation | |
TRAIL-TRAILR↓, IL-1β↓ | Inhibit apoptosis | |||
OPN | Hepatocyte | FAK/AKT↑→CYP7A1↓ | Promote cholesterol formation | |
TNF-α/TGF-β↑, IL-10↓ | Promote inflammation | |||
STAT3↑ | Affect gluconeogenesis | |||
Islet β-cell | iNOS/NO/NF-κB↓ | Decrease cell death | ||
Calcium homeostasis | Protect ER | |||
Adipocyte | JNK/ERK↓ | Promote insulin resistance | ||
BMP-2, BMP-4 | Mesenchymal stem cells | LOX/PPARγ↑ | Initiate adipogenesis | |
BMP-4 | Islet β-cell | PKC-θ↑→ IRS-1↓ | Promote insulin resistance | |
BMP-3b | Adipocyte | PPARγ↓ | Reduce transfer of fatty acids | |
BMP-8b | Adipocyte | CREB/P38/MAPK/Ucp1↑ | Promote thermogenesis | |
BMP-7 | Hepatocyte | FoxO1↑ | Promote glucose uptake | |
BMP-9 | Hepatocyte | LXRE1↓→SREBP-1c↓ | Promote glucose tolerance | |
MP-2, BMP-6, BMP-7 | Muscle cell, adipocyte | GLUT4 on plasma membrane↑ | Promote glucose uptake | |
Lcn2 | Adipocyte | p38MAPK/PGC/1α-UCP1↑ | Thermogenesis | |
IL-6↑, PPARγ/APN↓→GLUT1/GLUT4↓ | Decrease glucose intake | |||
Hypothalamus | PVN neurons MC4R↑ | Increase food intake |
