Fig. 4 | Bone Research

Fig. 4

From: Subchondral bone microenvironment in osteoarthritis and pain

Fig. 4

Coupled angiogenesis and osteogenesis in the subchondral bone accelerate cartilage destruction. Activated TGF-β and PDGF-BB derived from pre-OCs lead to neovascularization, type H vessels couple angiogenesis and osteogenesis by Notch signaling, and OBs accelerate this cycle via RANKL and VEGF release. Endothelial cells digest cartilage and contribute to chondrocyte hypertrophy, which in turn attracts vascular invasion by VEGF signaling

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