Table 1 Experimental evidence of secondary metastasis in breast cancer
From: Bone serves as a transfer station for secondary dissemination of breast cancer
From (primary metastasis site) | To (secondary metastasis site) | Experimental evidence | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Bone | Bone | The probability of secondary bone metastasis from an earlier bone metastasis was established by genomic sequencing and an evolutionary analysis. | |
Lung, liver | Metastases in lung and liver were observed in mice with intratibial injection of breast cancer cells. | ||
Bone, lung, liver, brain | In a xenograft model, treatment of mice with BP coupled with trastuzumab eliminated bone micrometastases and prevented multiorgan secondary seeding from bone lesions. | ||
Bone, lung, liver, kidney, brain | Bone microenvironment was demonstrated to invigorate metastatic seeds for further multiorgan dissemination using a parabiosis model and an evolving barcode system. | ||
Lung | Liver | The probability of linear progression from an earlier lung metastasis to a subsequent liver metastasis was evaluated by genomic sequencing and an evolutionary analysis. | |
Bone, brain | Cancer cells were observed disseminating to bone marrow and brain from lung metastases generated in mice with tail vein injection of cancer cells. | ||
Liver, brain | Secondary seeding from the lungs to liver and brain was presented by bioinformatics analysis based on the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database. | ||
Axillary lymph node | Bone, brain, liver, skin, colon | The probability of secondary seeding in distant organs from axillary lymph node metastases was established by genomic sequencing and an evolutionary analysis. | |
Skin | Bone | The probability of a subsequent bone metastasis from an earlier skin metastasis was established by genomic sequencing and an evolutionary analysis. | |
Ovarian | Adrenal gland | Horizontal cross-seeding of an ovarian metastasis to an adrenal gland was observed in a genome-wide phylogenetic analysis. |
