Table 1 The effects and underlying mechanisms of probiotics on bone remodeling in animal models and population-based studies
From: Modulation of bone remodeling by the gut microbiota: a new therapy for osteoporosis
Genus | Species | Research models or population | Effects | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus | L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 | OVX Balb/c mice | Femur and vertebrae BV/TV, BMD, BMC, Tb. N. ↑ , Tb spacing ↓ | TRAP5 and RANKL mRNA expression ↓ , BM CD4+ T cells, OC differentiation in vitro ↓ | |
L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 | Type 1 diabetic C57BL/6 mice | Tb. BV/TV, Tb. N., Tb. Th., BMD, BMC ↑ , Tb spacing ↓ | MAR, OB surface, serum OCN, Wnt10b expression and Wnt10b+ cells in gut and bone ↑ , BM adipocyte area and size ↓ | ||
L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 | BALB/c mice with OP | Femur and vertebrae BV/TV, BMD, BMC, Tb. N., MAR, serum OCN ↑ , Tb spacing, serum TRAP 5b ↓ | Colon permeability, colon TNF-α/IL-10 ratio ↓ | ||
L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 | Rag knockout C57BL/6 mice (deficient in mature T- and B- cells) | Femur BV/TV, BMC, Tb. Th. in WT mice ↑ | IL-10, IFN-γ, TGF-β, osterix gene expression ↑ , L. reuteri requires lymphocytes to exert beneficial effects on bone. | ||
L. rhamnosus GG | OP C57BL/6 J mice induced by leuprolide administration | Spine and femur BV/TV, serum OCN ↑ , serum CTX ↓ | Intestinal barrier integrity ↑ , TNF-α, RANKL, IL-17 mRNA expression ↓ | ||
L. rhamnosus GG | Conventionally raised C57BL/6 mice | Femur BV/TV, Spine BV/TV ↑ , serum CTX ↓ | MAR, P1NP, Wnt10b expression in BM and CD8+ T cells, Foxp3+ T cells in BM, spleen, and PP ↑ | ||
L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 | OVX Balb/c mice | Bone mass ↑ , Femur resorption pits/lacunae ↓ | CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, CD8+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, serum IL-10, IFN-γ ↑ , CD4+Rorγt+ Th17 cells, serum IL-17, TNF-α, RANKL ↓ | ||
L. sakei | RA DBA/1 J mice | Arthritis score, TRAP+-, RANK+-, RANKL+ -cells ↓ | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 ↓ | ||
L. fermentum ZS40 | OP Wistar rats | BV/TV, Tb. N., Tb. Th., BMD ↑, the number of OC, Tb spacing ↓ | β-catenin, Wnt10b, Lrp5, Lrp6, Runx2, ALP, RANKL, OPG mRNA expression ↑ , DKK1, RANK, TRAP, CTSK mRNA expression ↓ | ||
L. Plantarum HFY15 | OP Wistar rats | BV/TV, Tb. N., Tb. Th., BMD ↑, the number of OC, Tb spacing ↓ | β-Catenin, Wnt10b, Lrp5, Lrp6, Runx2, ALP mRNA expression ↑ , DKK1, RANK, TRAP, CTSK mRNA expression ↓ | ||
L. helveticus ATCC 27558 | OVX Sprague–Dawley rats | Femur BMD, breaking forces, serum OCN ↑ , serum CTX ↓ | Runx2 and BMP2 mRNA expression ↑ , Lactobacillus enumeration in the feces ↑ | ||
L. curvatus Wikim 38 | OVX C57BL/6 mice | BV/TV, BMD, Tb. Th. ↑ | F-actin ring formation, bone resorption, osteoclastogenesis, RANKL/TRAF6/ NF-κB/MAPK gene expression ↓ | ||
L. paracasei DSM13434, or a mixture of L. paracasei DSM13434, L. plantarum DSM 15312 and DSM 15313 | OVX C57BL/6 N mice | Cb. BMC., Cb. Area ↑ | BM TNF-α, IL-1β, OPG ↑ | ||
L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 | Postmenopausal women with osteopenia | The loss of total BMD ↓ | |||
L. casei Shirota | Elderly patients with an acute distal radius fracture | DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand) score, pain, complex regional pain syndrome score, wrist flexion, and grip strength of patients receiving probiotics exhibited a significantly faster pace of improvement. | |||
L. paracasei DSM 13434, DSM 15312, and DSM 15313 | Postmenopausal women with osteopenia | Lumbar spine bone loss ↓ | |||
Bifidobacterium | B. longum | OVX Sprague-Dawley rats | Serum OCN, femur BMD, Tb. Th., femur strength ↑ , Serum CTX ↓ | Sparc and BMP2 mRNA expression ↑ , Total Bifidobacteria in the feces ↑ | |
B. longum 35624 | OC precursors from C57BL/6 N mice | OC differentiation ↓ | Surface exopolysaccharide of B. longum 35624 mediated inhibition of osteoclast formation is TLR2-dependent. | ||
B. adolescentis | Fractured C57BL/6 mice | Serum P1NP, callus cartilage remodeling ↑ , post-traumatic bone loss ↓ | Tight junction protein ↑ , Systemic inflammation ↓ | ||
B. pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 | Obesity C57BL/6 mice | Tb. N., Serum OCN ↑ , Tb spacing, Serum CTX ↓ ; | Canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway ↑ | ||
VSL#3 (B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophilus) | OP C57BL6/J mice induced by leuprolide administration | Femur BV/TV, Cb. V., serum OCN ↑ | Intestinal tight junction ↑ | ||
Akkermansia | A. muciniphila | OVX C57BL/6 mice | BMD, Tb. BV/TV., Tb. N., serum OCN, MAR ↑ , Tb spacing, the number and size of OC ↓ | EVs are required for the A. muciniphila‐induced bone protective effects. | |
A. muciniphila | C57/BL6 mice with experimental periodontitis | Alveolar bone loss ↓ | M2 macrophages, IL-10 gene expression ↑ | ||
A. muciniphila | Fractured C57BL/6 mice | BV/TV, tissue mineral density of callus, femoral ultimate load, serum OCN, bone fracture healing ↑ | Type H vessel formation in callus ↑, inflammatory responses in fracture healing, intestinal permeability, and inflammation ↓ |
