Fig. 3

MSNs+miR-146a improved the osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. a, b ALP staining and SR staining of hDPSCs after 7 days of osteogenic culture. c ARS staining of hDPSCs after 14 days of osteogenic culture. d Enzyme activity assay of intracellular ALP expression in hDPSCs after 7 days of osteogenic culture. e, f IF images and quantitative analysis (n = 4) of RUNX2 (green) in hDPSCs after 7 days of osteogenic culture. g, h qRT‒PCR (n = 3) and WB results of osteogenic biomarker expression in hDPSCs after 7 days of osteogenic culture. i, j WB and qRT‒PCR (n = 3) results of the expression of VEGF-A in hDPSCs after 24 h of coculture with LPS-stimulated BMM-derived conditioned medium. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test among all groups was used