Fig. 3

a Engineered sensory nerve guides self-adaptive bone healing via NGF-TrkA signaling pathway. Reprinted with permission.⁵⁹ b Schematic diagram showing the process of divalent metal cations participate in the regulation of bone formation through interoceptive signaling. Reprinted with permission.¹ c Incorporation of the polydopamine-modified black phosphorus nanosheets (BP@PDA) into GelMA network (up). Schematic diagram depicting the MSCs growth and differentiation on conductive GelMA-BP@PDA hydrogel with the assistance of external electrical stimulation(down). Reprinted with permission.⁶⁴ d Schematic diagram of the GelMA-BP@Mg (GBM) hydrogel for antibacterial and innerved bone regeneration of infected bone defects. Under NIR irradiation, the GBM hydrogel has high antibacterial efficiency and reduces the damage of bacteria to bone tissue. Magnesium-modified black phosphorus (BP@Mg) nanosheets promoted skeletal-associated nerve fiber repair and accelerated bone regeneration. Reprinted with permission.⁶⁵ e Schematic illustrating the procedures used to cross-link bioprinted constructions, which can improve the bone regeneration microenvironment to promote neurovascularized bone repair. Reprinted with permission.¹¹ f Scheme of the mode of damaged brain accelerates bone healing by releasing sEVs that target osteoprogenitors. Reprinted with permission¹²