Table 3 Overview of Bmal1-related mouse models

Full knock out

Bmal1^-/-

Facial dysmorphism; skeletal mandibular hypoplasia; decreased bone mineral density in interalveolar septum and mandibular inferior cortex

^55,172,173

Osteoblast-specific

Col1a1-CreERT2:Bmal1^flox/flox

Increased the number of osteoblasts and expression of bone formation markers; elevated trabecular osteoblast activity

⁵³

Bmal1_osx^-/-

Enhanced osteoblast-dependent regulation of osteoclastogenesis; decreased bone mass

¹⁷⁴

Osteoclast-specific

Bmal1^osc-/-

Declined osteoclast differentiation; increased bone mass

⁴⁰

No significant difference

²⁵

Mesenchymal Cells-Specific

Bmal1^f/f.Prx1-cre

Low trabecular bone mass; increased bone turnover

⁴⁵

Col6a1-Bmal1^-/-

Thickening of the synovial subintimal; nodular chondroid metaplasia; spur formation at the condyles of the distal tibia

¹⁷⁷

Chondrocyte-Specific

Col2a1-Bmal1^-/- or Col2a1-CreER^TM:Bmal1^flox/flox

Decreased osteogenic differentiation; disorganization of extracellular matrix structure; cartilage degradation and chondrocyte apoptosis

^26,178

Skeletal Muscle- Specific

iMSBmal1^-/-

Declined joint collagen; elevated bone calcification

⁸²

Colon Epithelial Cell-Specific

Ts4-Cre;Bmal1^fl/fl

Decreased bone formation

⁵¹

Intestinal Tissue-Specific

Bmal1_Int^-/-

Increased bone resorption

¹⁷⁹