Table 1 Classification of smart materials for OA diagnosis
Means of diagnosis | Smart strategies | Smart materials | Intelligent response |
|---|---|---|---|
CECT | Intrinsic property | Ta2O5 | Positively charged NPs exhibit enhanced affinity for articular cartilage. |
Intrinsic property | TaO | The CECT attenuation of cationic and neutral NPs exhibited a correlation with both GAG content and equilibrium modulus. | |
Intrinsic property | Ioxaglate, Bi2O3 | Diffusivity discrepancy between Ioxaglate and Bi₂O₃. | |
Intrinsic property | CPC, mAv | The mixture can penetrate the full thickness of cartilage through electrostatic interactions and elicit a CT signal. | |
MRI | Peptide targeting | ALN-SPIONs | Bone-targeting NPs selectively bind to hydroxyapatite matrices in bone tissue. |
Peptide targeting | SPIONs, WYRGRL | Peptide-modified NPs specifically target type II collagen in cartilage matrix. | |
Peptide targeting | Gd2(CO3)3, GdPDW | High cartilage affinity and MR imaging compatibility. | |
Peptide targeting | WY-CMC-MnO | Early lesion-targeting NPs with improved MR imaging resolution. | |
PAI | Peptide targeting | Au@PDA-WL | Collagen II-targeting NPs aggregate on cartilage surface with high thermal conversion efficiency. |
Specific recognition | MoS2-AuNR, NGF antibodies | NGF-targeting probes identify pain-associated OA knees. | |
Specific recognition | PLL-MNPs | Anionic GAG activity modulates PA signal intensity (melanin-dependent). | |
Biomarker | Enzymatic reaction | CMFn | CMFn emits light for OA imaging in response to MMP-13 overexpression. |
Enzymatic reaction | MRC-PPL@PSO | MMP-13 cleaves micelles to release fluorescent dyes in OA microenvironment. | |
Enzymatic reaction | ERMs@siM13 | ERMs@siM13 releases fluorescent dye upon MMP-13 cleavage. | |
Enzymatic reaction | ADAMTS-4-D-Au | ADAMTS-4-specific peptide conjugated with fluorescent dye for enzyme detection. | |
Inflammatory mediators response | TKCP@DEX | ROS-sensitive NPs target cartilage via thioketal-linked peptides. | |
Inflammatory mediators response | pPADNs | PBA-induced pPAD forms melanin-like structures for PA imaging. | |
Inflammatory mediators response | DAF-FM, NM-LANPs@Ru | NO monitoring showed by fluorescence. | |
Inflammatory mediators response | DCNP@SeTT, NIR-ClO | Exhibiting rapid and specific responsiveness to HClO. |
