Fig. 10

Biomaterials for modulating pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization in chronic bone infections. a Cu-incorporated SPEEK promoting M1 macrophage polarization in vitro (scale = 50 μm). Reproduced with permission from ref. 325 Copyright 2019, Elsevier. b Schematic illustration of the preparation and macrophage polarization modulation of Cu-Sr modified Ti-6Al-4V implants. Reproduced with permission from ref. 326 Copyright 2023, Frontiers