Fig. 11

Biomaterials with sequential regulation of macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 state to the anti-inflammatory M2 state. a Schematic illustration of the mechanism of multifunctional SGTC2 microspheres sequentially regulating macrophage polarization for osteomyelitis treatment. b SGTC2 microspheres suppressing the expression of the M1 macrophage marker iNOS at 3 weeks and promoting the expression of the M2 macrophage marker Arg-1 at 6 weeks during osteomyelitis treatment. Reproduced with permission from ref. ³³⁰ Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. c Schematic illustration of CS-BGNs-PDA-coated sulfonated PEEK (CS-PSP) sequentially regulating macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. d Immunofluorescence staining showing that CS-PSP promotes M1 macrophage polarization at 3 days and M2 macrophage polarization at 7 days. Reproduced with permission from ref. ³³¹ Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH