Fig. 4
Existing in vitro co-culture systems based on the “race for the surface” concept. a Staphylococcus aureus and macrophages were co-cultured on different titanium surfaces; compared to untreated titanium, macrophages dominated on surfaces with sharp features, winning the “race for the surface”. Reproduced with permission from ref. 276 Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. b A triple-culture system established on gold nanoparticle-coated surfaces, involving macrophages, tissue cells, and bacteria, was designed to investigate the in vitro “race for the surface” between bacteria and host cells. Reproduced with permission from ref. 277 Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society
