Table 1 Phenotypic characteristics of M1 and M2 macrophages
Phenotypic characteristics | M1 Macrophages | M2 Macrophages | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M2a | M2b | M2c | M2d | ||
Activation stimuli markers | IFN-γ, LPS, TNF-α | IL-4, IL-13, IL-10 | Immune complexes+TLR ligands, IL-1β | IL-10, TGF-β, Glucocorticoids | IL-6, Adenosine, TLR agonists |
Human | CD80, CD86, MHC-II, iNOS | CD206, CD163 | CD86, MHC-II | CD163, CD206, MerTK | CD206, VEGF receptor |
Mouse | CD80, CD86, MHC-II, iNOS | CD163, Arg-1, Ym1/2, Fizz1 | CD86, MHC-II | CD163, CD206, MerTK, Arg-1 | CD206, VEGF receptor |
Cytokine profile | |||||
Human | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 | IL-10, TGF-β, IL-1ra | IL-10 high, IL-1β, TNF-α | IL-10 high, TGF-β | IL-10, VEGF, IL-12 low, TNF-α low |
Mouse | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 | IL-10, TGF-β, IL-1ra | IL-10 high, IL-1β, TNF-α | IL-10 high, TGF-β | IL-10, VEGF, IL-12 low, TNF-α low |
Chemokines | |||||
Human | CCL5, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10 | CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, CCL26 | CCL1, CCL20 | CCL6, CCL18, CXCL13 | CCL5, CCL10, CXCL16 |
Mouse | CCL5, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10 | CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, CCL23, CCL26 | CCL1, CCL20 | CCL6, CCL18, CXCL13 | CCL5, CCL10, CXCL16 |
Function | Microbicidal, pro-inflammatory responses, tissue damage | Tissue repair, extracellular matrix deposition, anti-parasitic responses | Immune regulation, moderate inflammation, pathogen clearance | Immunosuppression, resolution of inflammation, tissue remodeling | Angiogenesis, tumor progression, tissue repair |
Key transcription factors | IRF5, STAT1 | STAT6, PPAR-γ | |||
Reactive species production | High levels of ROS and RNS | Low ROS, high antioxidant activity | |||
Role in bone infection | Pathogen clearance, exacerbation of inflammation | Resolution of inflammation, tissue regeneration | |||
