Fig. 3

CCellular mechanisms underlying SONFH. a Pathogenesis in SONFH correlating with bone endothelial cells. a Pathogenesis in SONFH correlating with bone endothelial cells. SONFH was affected by GCs' altered mobilization, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and thrombosis of bone endothelial cells through several signaling pathways or cytokines like PI3K/Akt, GSK-3β/Fyn, Bcl-2, and Bax. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, Huang et al.⁹ b Activation of M1 polarized macrophage in the development of GIONFH, which mainly included the IFN-γ and TLR4 pathways. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2023, Zhang et al.⁶³ c Association between osteogenesis and macrophage polarization in the development of GIONFH, showing that the M0, M1, and M2 phenotypes were all beneficial for osteogenesis by stimulating the OSM signaling pathway. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2023, Zhang et al.⁶³ d Molecular determinants between the differentiation and polarization of macrophages, and the differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts, which were the result of competing differentiations of myeloid progenitors. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2023, Zhang et al.⁶³