Fig. 3
From: Bibliometric and LDA analysis of extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis
Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Release Pathways, and Structure: a Exosome Secretion: Exosomes (30–100 nm) form in early endosomes, mature into multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and are released via Rab27A-mediated fusion; unreleased MVBs are degraded in lysosomes; b Microvesicle Secretion: Microvesicles (100–1 000 nm) bud directly from the plasma membrane; c Apoptotic Bodies: Released during apoptosis, containing cellular remnants; d EV Structure: EVs display surface antigens and adhesion molecules for target cell binding; their membranes include lipid rafts and tetraspanins, and they transport nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids for intercellular communication
