Table 1 Overview of the CUP studies evaluating the accuracy of tissue-of-origin prediction with profiling and classical diagnostic methods.

From: Exploring the biological hallmarks of cancer of unknown primary: where do we stand today?

Study

N

Type of tissue analyzed/analyte

Profiling diagnostic methods

Tissue-of- origin prediction

Classical diagnostic methods

Tothill et al.90

13

FF/FFPE/RNA

GEP (microarray)

84%

Clinicopathological features

Horlings et al.91

38

FFPE/RNA

GEP (microarray)

64–94%

Clinicopathological features

Bridgewater et al.92

21

FFPE/RNA

GEP (microarray)

67%

Clinicopathological features

Varadhachary et al.93

104

FFPE/RNA

qRT-PCR

61%

Clinicopathological features

Van Laar et al.94

13

FF/FFPE/RNA

GEP (microarray)

92%

Clinical features

Monzon et al.95

21

FF/RNA

GEP (microarray)

76%

Clinicopathological features

Ferracin et al.96

16

FFPE/microRNA

47-miRNA signatures

75%

Conventional histology

Varadhachary et al.*97

87

FFPE/microRNA

48-miRNA signatures

84%

Clinicopathological features

Thompson et al.98

171

FFPE/NA

MTP (biotheranostics)

84%

Conventional histology

Fernandez et al.99

42

FF/DNA

Methylation array (1505 CpGs)

78%

Clinicopathological features

Hainsworth et al.100

42

FFPE/RNA

CancerTYPE ID (92-gene qRT PCR)

54–86%

Clinicopathological features

Hainsworth et al.*101

252

FFPE/RNA

CancerTYPE ID (92-gene qRT PCR)

98%

Clinicopathological features

Greco et al.102

149

FFPE/RNA

CancerTYPE ID (92-gene qRT PCR)

70–77

Clinicopathological features

Ades et al.*103

67

FFPE/RNA

GEP (microarray) (CUPprint)

82%

Clinicopathological features

Sanden et al.104

192

FFPE/microRNA

64 miR-based array

86%

Clinicopathological features

Mileshkin et al.105

58

FFPE/RNA

GEP (whole-genome expression)

78%

Conventional histology

Tothill et al.106

49

FFPE/RNA

GEP (microarray)

77%

Conventional histology

Moran et al.107

216

FFPE/DNA

DNA methylation microarray (EPICUP)

87%

Clinicopathological features/autopsy

Raghav et al.108

1834

FFPE/RNA

CancerTYPE ID (92-gene qRT PCR)

94%

Clinicopathological features

Mileshkin et al.*109

124

NA/RNA and DNA

386-gene CCP/CUPguide

86.6%

Clinicopathological features

  1. N number of patients with CUP, FF fresh frozen, FFPE formalin fixed paraffin embedded, NA not available.
  2. All studies are retrospective except those marked with *.