Table 2 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for prostate cancer death by thirds (uncorrected for RDB) and one standard deviation increase (corrected for RDB) in each biomarker in UK Biobank.

From: Examination of potential novel biochemical factors in relation to prostate cancer incidence and mortality in UK Biobank

Biomarker

Cases/non-cases

Thirds

P trend

HR per 1-SD (95% CI) higher concentrations

1. HR (95% CI)

2. HR (95% CI)

3. HR (95% CI)

Corrected for RDB

Cardiovascular-related

   Cholesterol

318/205,211

1 (Ref)

0.85 (0.65–1.13)

1.01 (0.77–1.33)

0.70

1.03 (0.87–1.23)

   LDL-cholesterol

318/204,764

1 (Ref)

1.04 (0.80–1.36)

1.01 (0.76–1.33)

0.76

1.03 (0.87–1.22)

   HDL-cholesterol

297/189,439

1 (Ref)

0.88 (0.65–1.17)

0.99 (0.73–1.33)

0.35

1.07 (0.93–1.23)

   Triglycerides

318/204,986

1 (Ref)

0.94 (0.71–1.23)

1.05 (0.79–1.40)

0.87

0.98 (0.79–1.22)

   ApoA1

296/189,166

1 (Ref)

0.82 (0.62–1.10)

0.90 (0.67–1.21)

0.43

1.07 (0.91–1.24)

   ApoB

317/203,787

1 (Ref)

1.03 (0.79–1.35)

1.07 (0.81–1.42)

0.76

1.03 (0.86–1.23)

   C-reactive protein

318/204,670

1 (Ref)

0.93 (0.69–1.24)

1.08 (0.81–1.43)

0.35

1.12 (0.89–1.40)

   Lipoprotein (a)

240/163,568

1 (Ref)

1.14 (0.83–1.56)

1.12 (0.82–1.54)

0.68

1.03 (0.91–1.16)

Bone- and joint-related

   Vitamin D

311/198,742

1 (Ref)

0.92 (0.69–1.22)

0.73 (0.53–1.00)

0.09

0.82 (0.65–1.03)

   Alkaline phosphatase

317/205,206

1 (Ref)

1.06 (0.81–1.39)

0.96 (0.73–1.27)

0.12

1.11 (0.97–1.27)

   Calcium

297/189,494

1 (Ref)

1.07 (0.81–1.41)

1.06 (0.80–1.41)

0.97

1.00 (0.76–1.31)

Diabetes-related

   HbA1c

321/203,886

1 (Ref)

1.23 (0.91–1.67)

1.33 (0.99–1.80)

0.024

1.19 (1.02–1.39)

   Glucose

296/189,316

1 (Ref)

1.00 (0.74–1.35)

1.26 (0.94–1.69)

0.085

1.28 (0.97–1.69)

Renal-related

   Cystatin-C

318/205,189

1 (Ref)

1.30 (0.95–1.78)

1.20 (0.88–1.65)

0.79

1.02 (0.90–1.15)

   Creatinine

318/205,099

1 (Ref)

0.87 (0.66–1.14)

0.86 (0.66–1.13)

0.35

0.93 (0.81–1.08)

   Total protein

296/189,318

1 (Ref)

0.87 (0.66–1.17)

1.22 (0.93–1.61)

0.22

1.14 (0.92–1.41)

   Urea

318/205,064

1 (Ref)

0.90 (0.67–1.20)

0.94 (0.71–1.23)

0.52

0.94 (0.78–1.13)

   Phosphate

296/189,187

1 (Ref)

1.27 (0.96–1.67)

1.18 (0.88–1.58)

0.30

1.17 (0.87–1.58)

   Urate

317/204,980

1 (Ref)

1.18 (0.90–1.55)

1.03 (0.77–1.37)

0.50

0.95 (0.82–1.10)

   Microalbumin (Urine)

158/74,466

1 (Ref)

1.29 (0.88–1.89)

0.98 (0.65–1.48)

0.79

0.97 (0.77–1.22)

   Potassium/creatinine ratio (urine)

330/210,966

1 (Ref)

0.98 (0.75–1.29)

0.91 (0.69–1.20)

0.89

0.97 (0.61–1.55)

   Sodium/creatinine ratio (urine)

331/211,207

1 (Ref)

1.02 (0.79–1.33)

0.90 (0.69–1.18)

0.58

0.86 (0.52–1.44)

Liver-related

   Albumin

297/189,561

1 (Ref)

1.07 (0.82–1.39)

1.05 (0.79–1.41)

0.91

1.01 (0.80–1.28)

   Direct bilirubin

296/191,058

1 (Ref)

1.02 (0.78–1.33)

0.68 (0.51–0.92)

0.086

0.85 (0.71–1.02)

   Total bilirubin

318/204,303

1 (Ref)

0.78 (0.60–1.02)

0.68 (0.52–0.90)

0.028

0.83 (0.71–0.98)

   Gamma glutamyltransferase

318/205,082

1 (Ref)

1.14 (0.85–1.52)

1.52 (1.14–2.03)

0.077

1.14 (0.99–1.31)

   ALT

318/205,038

1 (Ref)

0.87 (0.67–1.15)

1.15 (0.87–1.52)

0.75

1.04 (0.82–1.31)

   AST

318/204,366

1 (Ref)

1.10 (0.84–1.43)

1.02 (0.78–1.35)

0.95

1.01 (0.82–1.23)

  1. Cox regression analysis. HR are stratified by region and age at recruitment and adjusted for age (underlying time variable), Townsend deprivation score, ethnicity, lives with a wife or partner, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption and diabetes. For vitamin D analyses, the model was further adjusted for month of recruitment. Full details for each covariate are provided in the statistical section.
  2. P values for trend from 1-SD higher concentrations analyses. None of the associations were statistically significant after correction for multiple testing.
  3. ALT alanine aminotransferase, ApoA1 apolipoprotein A1, ApoB apolipoprotein B, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BMI body mass index, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HR hazard ratio, LDL-cholesterol low-density lipoperotein cholesterol, RDB regression dilution bias.
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