Fig. 3: Observed and forecasted fatal prostate cancer incidence in the United States and England, by stage at diagnosis and receipt of radical prostatectomy (RP).

a, b Locoregional and distant stage fatal prostate cancer incidence trends by receipt of RP in the United States and England, respectively. Age-standardised rates are presented for men aged 45–84 years. Temporal trends are described using estimates from age–period–cohort, joinpoint, and forecast regression models. Solid and dashed lines represent lines indicate observed and projected trends, respectively. Shaded regions surrounding trend lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. EAPCs with p values <0.05 are indicated by asterisk ‘*’. EAPC estimated annual percentage change.