Table 1 Clinical scenarios of tumour budding in colorectal cancer.
From: Tumour budding and its clinical implications in gastrointestinal cancers
Clinical scenario | ITBCC recommendations | Clinical implication | Prognostic value | Predictive value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
pT1 CRC | Tumour budding is an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis in pT1 CRC | Oncologic resection | Yes | Unclear, validation needed |
Stage II CRC | Tumour budding is an independent predictor of survival in stage II CRC | Adjuvant therapy | Yes | Unclear, validation needed |
ITB in preoperative biopsies | ITB in CRC has been shown to be related to lymph node metastasis | Neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer Preoperative surgical management in colon cancer | Yes | Possible, validation needed |
Tumour budding CRLM | No recommendation | Additional factor for management of stage IV CRC patients | Possible, validation needed | Unclear, validation needed |
