Table 2 Multivariable time-dependent Cox analyses for risks of all-cause mortality and CRC-specific mortality, by indication.

	All-cause Mortality		CRC-Specific mortality
	PPI Nonusers^a	PPI Users^a	PPI Nonusers^a	PPI Users^a
All patients
No. of deaths/ No. of person-years	8439/68,015	4746/33,862	6231/68,015	3289/33,862
aHR^b	1 (reference)	1.38 (1.32, 1.44)	1 (reference)	1.34 (1.28, 1.41)
Gastro-oesophageal reflux
No. of deaths/ No. of person-years	749/5320	807/6922	549/5320	494/6922
aHR^b	1 (reference)	1.14 (1.01, 1.28)	1 (reference)	1.07 (0.93, 1.24)
Peptic ulcers
No. of deaths/ No. of person-years	487/2564	475/3143	335/2564	261/3143
aHR^b	1 (reference)	1.10 (0.94, 1.29)	1 (reference)	1.01 (0.83, 1.23)
Gastroduodenitis
No. of deaths/ No. of person-years	413/3283	511/3944	291/3283	289/3944
aHR^b	1 (reference)	1.19 (1.01, 1.39)	1 (reference)	1.17 (0.96, 1.43)
Low-dose aspirin
No. of deaths/ No. of person-years	3485/26,386	1972/14,448	2254/26,386	1087/14,448
aHR^b	1 (reference)	1.34 (1.25, 1.43)	1 (reference)	1.25 (1.14, 1.36)
Nonaspirin NSAIDs
No. of deaths/ No. of person-years	3956/42,584	2783/22,977	3050/42,584	2079/22,977
aHR^b	1 (reference)	1.48 (1.40, 1.57)	1 (reference)	1.48 (1.39, 1.58)
No indication
No. of deaths/ No. of person-years	2046/12,271	733/4112	1618/12,271	566/4112
aHR^b	1 (reference)	1.25 (1.13, 1.38)	1 (reference)	1.20 (1.07, 1.34)

PPI proton pump inhibitors, CRC colorectal cancer, aHR multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio.
^aPPI users were patients who had at least one PPI dispensation after the diagnosis of CRC; PPI nonusers were patients not collecting PPI dispensation after the diagnosis of CRC.
^baHRs were adjusted for age, sex, pre-diagnosis PPI use, tumour site, tumour stage, CRC surgery, maintenance use of low-dose aspirin, maintenance use of non-aspirin NSAIDs, and the Charlson Comorbidity score.

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