Table 3 In vivo CTC-derived xenograft models.
Type of cancer | Isolation method | Injection procedure | Main results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Breast cancer | RosetteSep and FACS (PI- CD45-EpCAM + ) | -Dilution in Matrigel - Injection in femoral medullar cavity | - Drug sensitivity not evaluated - Specific CTC MIC signature: EpCAM+CD44 + MET + CD47 + - decreased progression-free survival of patients with CD44 + , CD47 + and MET + CTCs | [36] |
Breast cancer | Density gradient centrifugation: Histopaque® | - Dilution in Matrigel - Subcutaneous injection | - Drug sensitivity not evaluated - CDX model was representative of the primary tumour features: ER- PR- pan-CK + aECAD+ - identification of MELK as a prognostic marker of TNBC - WNT pathway upregulation as a potential therapeutic target in TNBC | [37] |
Breast cancer | Multiparametric FACS (CD45-/CD34-/CD105-/CD90- CD73-) | - Intracardiac injection in aseptic conditions | - Distinct transcriptomic signatures between CTCs from primary tumour site in patients and the corresponding model - Survival analyses of transcriptome signature - Identification of 597 genes related to liver metastasis in TNBC | [20] |
Small cell lung cancer | Ficoll-Paque density gradient and CD45 RosetteSep negative selection | - Dilution in Matrigel - Subcutaneous injection | - CDXs represent clinical SCLC - Drug sensitivity was evaluated and CDX mimicked the donor’s response to chemotherapy - CDX tumours reflect CTC genomic profile | [39] |
Small cell lung cancer | Ficoll-Paque density gradient and CD45 RosetteSep negative Selection CTC-iChip | - Dilution in Matrigel - Subcutaneous injection | - Drug sensitivity evaluated - Correlation of MYC signatures with drug resistance by transcriptomic analysis - CDX mirrors the patient’s cancer progression | |
Non-small cell lung cancer | Ficoll-Paque density gradient and CD45 RosetteSep negative selection | - Dilution in Matrigel - Subcutaneous injection | - Importance of mesenchymal CTCs with tumorigenic capacity - Absence of CTC-EpCAM(+) is not a limitation for metastasis formation | [41] |
Prostate cancer | DLA/R Ficoll-Paque density gradient and CD45 RosetteSep negative selection | - Dilution in Matrigel - Subcutaneous injection | - Same genome characteristics in CTC, patient tumour, and CDX - Tumorigenic CTCs with acquired CRPC-NE features - Genomic alternations in CDX models | [43] |
Melanoma | Ficoll-Paque density gradient and CD45 RosetteSep negative selection | - Dilution in Matrigel - Subcutaneous injection | - Drug sensitivity and patients’ response to treatment were evaluated - Concordance in SNV profiles - CTCs have similar tropism as the patient’s tumours | [44] |
