Table 2 Baseline characteristics of UK Biobank participants.

From: Clinical biomarker-based biological aging and risk of cancer in the UK Biobank

Characteristic

Total (n = 308,156)

Women (n = 163,022)

Men (n = 145,134)

Pa

Chronological age at baseline (year), mean ± SD

56.21 ± 8.11

56.09 ± 8.01

56.35 ± 8.21

<0.001

BA measuresb, mean ± SD

  KDM (year)

53.94 ± 9.42

53.90 ± 9.53

53.99 ± 9.29

0.006

  KDM residual

−0.04 ± 5.01

0.03 ± 5.03

−0.12 ± 4.98

<0.001

  PhenoAge (year)

47.46 ± 10.00

46.70 ± 9.52

48.31 ± 10.46

<0.001

  PhenoAge residual

−0.03 ± 5.35

−0.65 ± 5.17

0.67 ± 5.46

<0.001

  HD (log units)

6.69 ± 1.00

6.81 ± 0.99

6.54 ± 1.00

<0.001

Biomarkers included in BA algorithms, mean ± SD

  FEV1 (L)

2.84 ± 0.80

2.41 ± 0.55

3.32 ± 0.77

<0.001

  SBP (mm Hg)

139.55 ± 19.50

136.88 ± 20.12

142.56 ± 18.33

<0.001

  Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

15.08 ± 3.76

14.58 ± 3.62

15.64 ± 3.84

<0.001

  HbA1c (%)

5.44 ± 0.60

5.41 ± 0.53

5.47 ± 0.66

<0.001

  Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

220.48 ± 43.87

227.17 ± 43.23

212.97 ± 43.36

<0.001

  Creatinine (umol/L)

72.29 ± 15.23

64.18 ± 11.00

81.40 ± 14.13

<0.001

  Serum glucose (mmol/L)

5.11 ± 1.19

5.05 ± 1.02

5.17 ± 1.36

<0.001

  Waist circumference (cm)

90.23 ± 13.34

84.42 ± 12.38

96.76 ± 11.19

<0.001

  Red cell distribution width (%)

13.46 ± 0.94

13.51 ± 1.03

13.42 ± 0.82

<0.001

  Albumin (g/dL)

45.30 ± 2.59

45.01 ± 2.57

45.62 ± 2.58

<0.001

  Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)

82.88 ± 24.80

84.07 ± 25.90

81.54 ± 23.44

<0.001

  Triglyceride (mg/dL)

153.81 ± 89.83

135.51 ± 74.31

174.37 ± 100.65

<0.001

  Mean cell volume (fL)

82.77 ± 5.28

82.89 ± 5.28

82.63 ± 5.27

<0.001

  Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.19 ± 1.34

4.52 ± 1.09

5.95 ± 1.19

<0.001

  Lymphocyte (%)

29.03 ± 7.34

29.89 ± 7.26

28.06 ± 7.31

<0.001

  RBC count (million cells/uL)

4.53 ± 0.41

4.33 ± 0.33

4.76 ± 0.37

<0.001

  C-reactive protein (mg/dL)

0.25 ± 0.40

0.26 ± 0.41

0.23 ± 0.40

<0.001

  DBP (mm Hg)

82.24 ± 10.64

80.61 ± 10.51

84.07 ± 10.49

<0.001

Died during follow-up, n (%)

14,542 (4.7)

5495 (3.4)

9047 (6.2)

<0.001

Any incident cancerc, n (%)

35,426 (11.5)

16,933 (10.4)

18,493 (12.7)

<0.001

Incident breast cancer in women, n (%)

—

5794 (3.6)

—

—

Incident prostate cancer in men, n (%)

—

—

7196 (5.0)

—

Incident lung cancer, n (%)

2363 (0.8)

1109 (0.7)

1254 (0.9)

<0.001

Incident colorectal cancer, n (%)

3596 (1.2)

1552 (1.0)

2044 (1.4)

<0.001

Incident melanoma, n (%)

1833 (0.6)

881 (0.5)

952 (0.7)

<0.001

  1. BA biological age, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 second, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HD homeostatic dysregulation, KDM Klemera-Doubal method, RBC red blood cell, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation.
  2. aP values for comparison between women and men, obtained from t tests or χ2 tests.
  3. bAll algorithms were parametrized in NHANES III and projected in UK Biobank. The KDM residual and PhenoAge residual were computed by regressing out chronological age (as a natural spline term with 3 degrees of freedom) from the KDM and PhenoAge, respectively.
  4. cAny type of cancer, except non-melanoma skin cancer.
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