Fig. 2: Tissue texture analysis.

a Tissue texture profiles in individual patients (n = 447). b Schematic of the clear-cell renal cell carcinoma microenvironment. The left side illustrates three common subregions: the intratumoural cancer tissue, the stroma-rich margin and the outer normal renal tissue. The right side illustrates two examples of sampling conventions: without (green, “N−”) or with (light blue, “N+”) normal renal tissue. c Patient numbers by normal tissue proportion. d Cancer textures by N+ or N− samples. e Association between clinical variables (binary variables) and textures (continuous variables). f Blood texture by organ metastasis, g peripheral blood platelet and h mTOR mutation in N+ samples. i Genes differentially expressed in tumours with higher (right) or lower (left) than median blood proportion. j Association between transcriptome-based signatures (binary variables) and textures (continuous variables). k Stroma by tumour Fuhrman grade in N− and l N+ samples. m Stroma proportion by ploidy status in N+ samples. n Stroma proportion by PBRM1 mutation status in N+ samples. o Heatmap of the normalised enrichment score of the significant gene pathways associated (adjusted p < 0.05) with N+ and N− samples. Grey-coloured boxes indicate the pathways associated with only N+ or N− samples (adjusted p < 0.05). p Genes differentially expressed in tumours with higher (right) to lower (left) than median stroma proportion. Only N+ samples are included. q Preferential association with higher stroma tissue proportion in N+ or N− samples.