Table 3 Trends in relative risk of acute lymphocytic leukaemia in relation to solar ultraviolet radiation exposure.

From: Solar ultraviolet radiation exposure, and incidence of childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a US population-based dataset

Subgroup

Cases/Population-years

Ultraviolet cumulative radiant exposure

Ultraviolet irradiance

Fully-adjusted

Adjusted without demographic/socioeconomic variables

Fully-adjusted

Adjusted without demographic/socioeconomic variables

Relative risk/MJ cm−2 (+95% CI)

p-value

Relative risk/MJ cm−2 (+95% CI)

p-value

Relative risk/mW cm−2 (+95% CI)

p-value

Relative risk/mW cm−2 (+95% CI)

p-value

White non-Hispanic, malea

8071/204,598,773

0.853 (0.362, 2.004)

0.7158

0.937 (0.405, 2.162)

0.8795

1.055 (0.816, 1.363)

0.6831

1.089 (0.847, 1.400)

0.5034

White non-Hispanic, femalea

5905/194,196,490

1.336 (0.440, 4.037)

0.6089

1.430 (0.479, 4.249)

0.5214

1.119 (0.832, 1.503)

0.4580

1.142 (0.853, 1.527)

0.3721

Black non-Hispanic, malea

1310/57,845,212

3.991 (0.553, 28.389)

0.1695

3.510 (0.504, 24.188)

0.2042

1.447 (0.758, 2.751)

0.2619

1.373 (0.729, 2.578)

0.3260

Black non-Hispanic, femalea

955/55,990,357

0.453 (0.041, 4.813)

0.5126

0.245 (0.025, 2.358)

0.2241

0.543 (0.266, 1.101)

0.0907

0.432 (0.219, 0.848)

0.0148

Hispanic, malea

6981/133,570,992

2.319 (1.067, 5.060)

0.0337

2.284 (1.074, 4.876)

0.0320

1.542 (1.201, 1.981)

0.0007

1.534 (1.203, 1.957)

0.0005

Hispanic, femalea

5230/127,726,470

3.039 (1.260, 7.364)

0.0133

2.999 (1.264, 7.146)

0.0126

1.480 (1.154, 1.900)

0.0020

1.473 (1.154, 1.883)

0.0019

Asian/Pacific Islander, malea

1084/29,356,706

0.275 (0.033, 2.304)

0.2332

0.281 (0.035, 2.281)

0.2343

0.934 (0.496, 1.763)

0.8328

0.934 (0.501, 1.745)

0.8299

Asian/Pacific Islander, femalea

813/28,139,805

0.152 (0.004, 6.027)

0.3141

0.338 (0.015, 7.739)

0.4953

0.440 (0.163, 1.192)

0.1063

0.582 (0.254, 1.340)

0.2033

Total (white + black non-Hispanic, Hispanic, Asian/ Pacific Islanders)b

30,349/831,424,805

1.444 (0.949, 2.197)

0.0865

1.494 (0.992, 2.249)

0.0545

1.200 (1.060, 1.359)

0.0040

1.216 (1.077, 1.372)

0.0016

Alternative measure of irradiance used by Coste et al. [21]

Relative risk/100 J/cm2/day

p-value

Relative risk/100 J/cm2/day

p-value

1.235 (1.070, 1.426)

0.0040

1.253 (1.090, 1.442)

0.0016

  1. aFully-adjusted models for age (10 group factor variable), median rent, calendar year; models without demographic/socioeconomic adjustments adjust only for age and calendar year.
  2. bFully-adjusted models for age (10 group factor variable), racial/ethnic group (4 group factor variable), sex, median rent, calendar year, age × racial/ethnic group, age × sex, age × calendar year, racial/ethnic group × calendar year; models without demographic/socioeconomic adjustments adjust only for age, racial/ethnic group, sex, calendar year, age × racial/ethnic group, age × sex, age × calendar year, racial/ethnic group × calendar year.
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