Table 2 Associations of demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors at HCC diagnosis with Route to Diagnosis.

From: Routes to diagnosis for hepatocellular carcinoma patients: predictors and associations with treatment and mortality

 

Emergency presentation

GP referral

Other outpatient

Two Week Wait

Univariate

 

Multivariate

 

Univariate

 

Multivariate

 

Univariate

 

Multivariate

 

Univariate

 

Multivariate

 

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

Diagnostic year

0.96 (0.95–0.97)

<0.001

0.96 (0.95–0.97)

<0.001

1.03 (1.02–1.04)

<0.001

1.02 (1.01–1.03)

<0.001

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

<0.001

0.97 (0.96–0.98)

<0.001

1.09 (1.08–1.11)

<0.001

1.11 (1.09–1.12)

<0.001

Age at diagnosis (per year)

1.01 (1.01–1.02)

<0.001

1.02 (1.02–1.02)

<0.001

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

<0.001

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

<0.001

0.98 (0.98–0.98)

<0.001

0.98 (0.98–0.98)

<0.001

1.02 (1.02–1.03)

<0.001

1.01 (1.00–1.01)

<0.001

Female gender

1.22 (1.14–1.30)

<0.001

1.24 (1.16–1.33)

<0.001

0.89 (0.83–0.95)

0.001

0.89 (0.83–0.96)

0.002

0.94 (0.87–1.02)

0.153

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

0.410

0.91 (0.82–1.00)

0.055

0.83 (0.75–0.92)

0.001

Deprivation quintile

    1-Least

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

    2

1.06 (0.97–1.17)

0.194

1.07 (0.97–1.19)

0.152

1.00 (0.91–1.10)

0.954

1 (0.91–1.10)

0.962

0.92 (0.82–1.03)

0.160

0.88 (0.78–0.99)

0.035

1.02 (0.89–1.17)

0.737

1.07 (0.93–1.24)

0.327

    3

1.17 (1.07–1.28)

0.001

1.20 (1.09–1.32)

<0.001

0.97 (0.88–1.06)

0.507

0.96 (0.87–1.05)

0.351

0.95 (0.85–1.07)

0.392

0.89 (0.79–1.00)

0.053

0.98 (0.85–1.12)

0.717

1.06 (0.92–1.22)

0.403

    4

1.30 (1.19–1.43)

<0.001

1.34 (1.22–1.48)

<0.001

0.88 (0.81–0.97)

0.009

0.88 (0.80–0.96)

0.006

0.96 (0.86–1.07)

0.490

0.86 (0.77–0.96)

0.010

0.90 (0.79–1.03)

0.130

1.06 (0.92–1.22)

0.429

    5-Most

1.37 (1.25–1.49)

<0.001

1.45 (1.32–1.59)

<0.001

0.94 (0.86–1.03)

0.202

0.93 (0.85–1.02)

0.109

0.89 (0.80–0.99)

0.037

0.75 (0.67–0.84)

<0.001

0.77 (0.68–0.88)

<0.001

0.96 (0.84–1.11)

0.605

Ethnicity

    White

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

    Black

0.9 (0.76–1.06)

0.199

1.12 (0.94–1.34)

0.213

0.96 (0.81–1.13)

0.612

0.87 (0.72–1.04)

0.119

1.25 (1.04–1.52)

0.021

0.98 (0.79–1.20)

0.820

0.67 (0.50–0.89)

0.005

0.84 (0.62–1.14)

0.259

    South Asian

1.11 (0.98–1.26)

0.090

1.13 (0.98–1.29)

0.083

0.99 (0.87–1.13)

0.919

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

0.489

1.15 (0.99–1.35)

0.074

0.98 (0.84–1.16)

0.853

0.60 (0.48–0.76)

<0.001

0.79 (0.62–1.01)

0.058

    Other Asian

0.88 (0.73–1.05)

0.163

1.06 (0.87–1.29)

0.575

0.96 (0.79–1.15)

0.630

0.87 (0.71–1.06)

0.165

1.49 (1.22–1.83)

<0.001

1.25 (1.00–1.56)

0.046

0.70 (0.51–0.95)

0.022

0.8 (0.57–1.10)

0.171

    Other ethnicity

1.06 (0.87–1.30)

0.565

1.15 (0.93–1.43)

0.192

0.75 (0.60–0.94)

0.013

0.71 (0.56–0.89)

0.003

1.58 (1.26–1.98)

<0.001

1.39 (1.10–1.77)

0.006

0.67 (0.47–0.96)

0.028

0.81 (0.56–1.18)

0.266

    Not known

0.98 (0.87–1.11)

0.785

0.94 (0.82–1.07)

0.348

0.60 (0.52–0.70)

<0.001

0.66 (0.57–0.77)

<0.001

0.58 (0.48–0.70)

<0.001

0.76 (0.62–0.92)

0.005

0.88 (0.73–1.07)

0.213

0.64 (0.52–0.78)

<0.001

Primary liver disease

    Autoimmune hepatitis

0.67 (0.51–0.88)

0.004

0.66 (0.49–0.89)

0.006

1.46 (1.12–1.90)

0.006

1.41 (1.07–1.86)

0.014

1.58 (1.17–2.13)

0.003

1.50 (1.10–2.04)

0.010

0.29 (0.12–0.70)

0.006

0.29 (0.12–0.71)

0.007

    Alcohol-related liver disease

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

    Haemochromatosis

0.43 (0.36–0.52)

<0.001

0.58 (0.47–0.70)

<0.001

1.48 (1.25–1.75)

<0.001

1.25 (1.05–1.48)

0.011

1.64 (1.36–1.97)

<0.001

1.64 (1.35–1.98)

<0.001

1.20 (0.89–1.62)

0.236

0.78 (0.57–1.06)

0.115

    Hepatitis B

0.58 (0.49–0.68)

<0.001

0.78 (0.65–0.94)

0.007

1.19 (1.02–1.39)

0.029

1.13 (0.95–1.35)

0.165

1.74 (1.47–2.06)

<0.001

1.48 (1.22–1.79)

<0.001

0.79 (0.57–1.08)

0.141

0.68 (0.48–0.96)

0.030

    Hepatitis C

0.65 (0.59–0.71)

<0.001

0.79 (0.71–0.88)

<0.001

1.29 (1.17–1.42)

<0.001

1.18 (1.07–1.31)

0.001

1.55 (1.39–1.73)

<0.001

1.35 (1.20–1.51)

<0.001

0.55 (0.44–0.68)

<0.001

0.51 (0.41–0.64)

<0.001

    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

0.80 (0.73–0.88)

<0.001

0.80 (0.73–0.89)

<0.001

1.21 (1.10–1.33)

<0.001

1.16 (1.06–1.28)

0.002

0.90 (0.80–1.01)

0.080

0.96 (0.85–1.08)

0.458

1.56 (1.33–1.82)

<0.001

1.34 (1.14–1.57)

<0.001

    Primary biliary cirrhosis

0.67 (0.55–0.82)

<0.001

0.60 (0.48–0.74)

<0.001

1.05 (0.86–1.29)

0.642

1.06 (0.85–1.31)

0.619

1.87 (1.52–2.31)

<0.001

1.91 (1.53–2.38)

<0.001

0.54 (0.33–0.87)

0.012

0.55 (0.33–0.90)

0.017

    Other/unknown/none

0.78 (0.73–0.84)

<0.001

1.01 (0.92–1.12)

0.814

0.91 (0.85–0.98)

0.018

0.86 (0.78–0.95)

0.004

0.64 (0.59–0.71)

<0.001

0.84 (0.74–0.95)

0.005

2.78 (2.45–3.14)

<0.001

1.41 (1.20–1.64)

<0.001

Charlson score

    0

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

    1

0.96 (0.89–1.04)

0.345

0.97 (0.90–1.06)

0.533

1.16 (1.07–1.25)

<0.001

1.07 (0.98–1.16)

0.114

1.40 (1.27–1.55)

<0.001

1.38 (1.25–1.54)

<0.001

0.82 (0.74–0.92)

<0.001

0.80 (0.72–0.90)

<0.001

    2

0.98 (0.90–1.07)

0.682

0.99 (0.90–1.09)

0.770

1.16 (1.06–1.28)

0.002

1.07 (0.97–1.18)

0.174

1.62 (1.45–1.82)

<0.001

1.73 (1.54–1.95)

<0.001

0.65 (0.56–0.74)

<0.001

0.57 (0.50–0.66)

<0.001

    ≥3

1.07 (1.00–1.14)

0.045

0.89 (0.83–0.96)

0.002

1.17 (1.10–1.25)

<0.001

1.14 (1.06–1.23)

<0.001

2.06 (1.90–2.23)

<0.001

2.08 (1.90–2.28)

<0.001

0.27 (0.24–0.30)

<0.001

0.32 (0.28–0.36)

<0.001

Cirrhosis

    None/NK

1.50 (1.41–1.61)

<0.001

1.15 (1.06–1.26)

0.001

0.65 (0.61–0.69)

<0.001

0.83 (0.76–0.90)

<0.001

0.51 (0.47–0.55)

<0.001

0.80 (0.72–0.89)

<0.001

2.16 (1.97–2.38)

<0.001

1.38 (1.22–1.57)

<0.001

    Compensated

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

    Decompensated

4.15 (3.85–4.46)

<0.001

4.21 (3.91–4.54)

<0.001

0.42 (0.39–0.45)

<0.001

0.42 (0.39–0.46)

<0.001

0.57 (0.52–0.62)

<0.001

0.54 (0.49–0.59)

<0.001

0.43 (0.37–0.50)

<0.001

0.45 (0.39–0.53)

<0.001

  1. Multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, year of diagnosis, area-based deprivation quintile, ethnicity, Charlson comorbidity score, cirrhosis stage, and primary liver disease.
  2. OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval.
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