Table 1 Risk of bias for the 32 included publications, based on the ROBINS-I tool.
Author, years, country | Bias due to confounding | Bias due to selection of participants | Bias due to exposure assessment | Bias due to misclassification during follow-up | Bias due to missing data | Bias due to measurement of the outcome | Bias due to selective reporting of the results | Overall judgement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mahamat-saleh et al. [19], Europe | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Gunter et al. [16], USA | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Murphy et al. [20], Europe | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Kabat et al. [49], USA | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Kliemann et al. [18], Europe | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Moore et al. [24], USA | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Park et al. [54], USA | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Park et al. [22], Republic of Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Kim et al. [50], South Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Kim et al. [17], South Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Chung et al. [15], Republic of Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Hashimoto et al. [48], Japan | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Cao et al. [21], UK | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Park et al. [54], Republic of Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Shin et al. [56], Republic of Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Shao et al. [33], UK | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Nguyen et al. [31], Republic of Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Lin et al. [41], Taiwan | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Liang et al. [52], USA | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Lee et al. [28], Republic of Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Kwon et al. [51], South Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Kabat et al. [23], USA | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Cho et al. [45], Republic of Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Arnlov et al. [40], Sweden | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Pasqual et al. [30], USA | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Reeves et al. [55], USA | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Dibaba et al. [47], USA | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Cho et al. [46], Republic of Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Moon et al. [29], Republic of Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Sun et al. [34], Europe | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Park et al. [32], Republic of Korea | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
