Fig. 3: Mendelian randomization analyses of eight metabolic biomarkers selected from cohort analyses of the UK biobank data.

Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in biomarker levels. Levels of triglycerides to phosphoglycerides (ratio), 3-hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L), triglycerides to total lipids in IDL (%) were log-transformed before z-score standardisation.