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Viral vectors and extracellular vesicles: innate delivery systems utilized in CRISPR/Cas-mediated cancer therapy

Cancer Gene Therapy volume 30, pages 936–954 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Gene editing-based therapeutic strategies grant the power to override cell machinery and alter faulty genes contributing to disease development like cancer. Nowadays, the principal tool for gene editing is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. In order to bring this gene-editing system from the bench to the bedside, a significant hurdle remains, and that is the delivery of CRISPR/Cas to various target cells in vivo and in vitro. The CRISPR-Cas system can be delivered into mammalian cells using various strategies; among all, we have reviewed recent research around two natural gene delivery systems that have been proven to be compatible with human cells. Herein, we have discussed the advantages and limitations of viral vectors, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in delivering the CRISPR/Cas system for cancer therapy purposes.

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Fig. 1: Overview on different mechanisms of action carried out by CRISPR/Cas9 systems.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 2: Commonly used viral vectors for gene delivery.
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Fig. 3: Viral Vectors encoding CRISPR/Cas.
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Fig. 4: EV-based gene delivery.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 5: Tumor-derived exosomes.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 6: Necroptosis induction using exosomes.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Department of Hematology and Blood banking at the Iran University of Medical Science for supporting this study. Also, we would like to thank the Parscoders Team for their help designing the figures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi, Fahimeh Shahriyary, Mohammad Reza Amirzargar & Majid Safa

  2. School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    Maral Soleymani

  3. Division of Clinical Laboratory, Tehran Hospital of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran

    Mahya Ofoghi

  4. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mahya Ofoghi

  5. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Davood Fattahi

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MS conceived, edited, and revised the manuscript; SEA, MS, MAZ, MDF, FS, and MO wrote the manuscript. SEA, MS, and MDF designed the figures. FS, MAZ, and SEA prepared tables. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Majid Safa.

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Ahmadi, S.E., Soleymani, M., Shahriyary, F. et al. Viral vectors and extracellular vesicles: innate delivery systems utilized in CRISPR/Cas-mediated cancer therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 30, 936–954 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41417-023-00597-z

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