Fig. 9: Schematic diagram of the proposed cellular mechanisms for the protection of hiPSC-MSCs-derived EVs after renal I/R injury

Based on our data, we propose that hiPSC-MSCs-EVs alleviate renal I/R injury by delivering SP1 to the target renal cells and resulting in intracellular activation of SK1 expression and generation of S1P, by which inhibits I/R-induced necroptosis