Fig. 5: Comparative measurements of the effect of PXA and other compounds on apoptosis induction and cytotoxicity in Jurkat and Ramos cells.

PXA (10 µM) was compared to the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP; 10 µM), the Ca²⁺ ionophore ionomycin (IM; 10 µM), the apoptosis inducer staurosporine (STS; 10 µM), and the complex-specific ETC inhibitors rotenone (Rot; complex I; 10 µM), antimycin A (AmA; complex III; 10 µM) and oligomycin A (OmA; complex V; 10 µM). Data shown are the means of three independent experiments; error bars = SD. a, b Measurement of apoptosis induction based on cleavage of the pro-fluorescent CASP3 substrate Ac-DEVD-AMC, which results in release of AMC (Ex 360 nm, Em 450 nm), as an indicator of apoptosis. c, d Measurement of cytotoxicity after 24 h of treatment in the presence of either glucose or galactose as the only available sugar. Galactose alone forces the cells to resort exclusively to OXPHOS for ATP synthesis. Measurement was performed in a microplate reader using the MTT viability assay