Fig. 2: S. Typhimurium induces the formation of autolysosomes.

HeLa cells stably expressing the GFP-RFP-LC3 gene were infected with S. Typhimurium (10 MOI) for 2 h in the absence or presence of bafilomycin (20 nM) or CQ (20 μM). The cells were then fixed and stained with DAPI. Autophagosomes presented as the orange puncta and autolysosomes presented as the red puncta were visualized under a confocal microscope (a) and were statistically analyzed (b). Bar length: 20 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, compared to uninfected control; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, compared to S. Typhimurium infection