Fig. 10: Schematic model of Sal-B in the Warburg effect and anti-carcinogenic activity.

GLUT1 primarily transports glucose and HK2 catalyzes the first step of glycolysis by conversion of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate and the terminal product of glycolysis is lactate. GLUT1 and HK2 are induced by activated PI3K and HIF-1α signaling pathways. These processes can be blocked by Sal-B treatment, which was attributable to the anti-carcinogenic activity of Sal-B