Fig. 2: Effects of serum exosomes on PMVEC proliferation, migration, and tube formation.

a Flow cytometric analysis was performed to detect cell cycle progression after incubation with SEs or HEs for 24 h (n = 6). b Transwell migration assay of PMVECs after incubation with SEs or HEs for 24 h (n = 8). Scale bar = 50 μm. c Tube formation assay of PMVECs after incubation with SEs or HEs (n = 5). Scale bar = 200 μm. d Wound healing assay of PMVECs after incubation with SEs or HEs for 24 h (n = 5). Scale bar, 100 μm. e and f Representative vector diagrams of cell trajectories (top) and directionality of migration displayed in plot diagrams (bottom) of exosome–treated cells in each group (n = 20). g Quantification of the percentage of single cells after 12 h of migration of exosome-treated cells in each group. h Quantification of the persistence of cell migration of exosome-treated cells of each group (n = 5). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, compared with the SEs-treated group