Fig. 8: Schematic showing the working model of our study.

Hepatocytes secrete exosomes containing miR-194 upon stimulation with bile acid through the P53-signaling pathway, which are internalized by PMVECs. Additionally, exosomal miR-194 enhances PMVEC proliferation, migration, and tube formation by directly targeting THBS1, STAT1, and LIF. The communication between hepatocytes and PMVECs via exosomal miR-194 augments the angiogenesis signal from hepatocytes and promotes the development of HPS