Fig. 7: The proposed mechanisms of hederagenin-inhibited autophagy and the synergistic effects of hederagenin and chemotherapeutic agents.

Hederagenin acted as a novel late-phase autophagy inhibitor by targeting lysosomes, and that hederagenin may synergize the cytotoxicity effects of cisplatin and paclitaxel by blocking the cell death preventive autophagy and amplifying cytotoxic ROS.