Fig. 1: Establishment of insulin resistant state in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

a Glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Basal glucose transport (gray) and insulin stimulated glucose uptake (white) are shown. Adipocytes were untreated, treated with TNF-α (4 ng/ml) alone or TNF-α (4 ng/ml) plus pioglitazone (2 μM) for 4 days. **p < 0.01 vs. insulin alone, #p < 0.05 vs. TNF-α plus insulin (one-way ANOVA). b Insulin signaling parameters were examined by western blotting analysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Adipocytes were untreated, treated with TNF-α (4 ng/ml) alone or TNF-α (4 ng/ml) plus pioglitazone (2 μM) for 4 days. All adipocytes were treated with insulin (5 μg/ml) for 4 days. c Quantification of western blotting. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. control, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 vs. TNF-α (one-way ANOVA). Data are representative of at least three different experiments. All data represent means ± standard error (SE).