Fig. 2: Characterization of ONFH-exos and NOR-exos and uptake assay of exosomes.

a, b Particle size distribution measured by NTA showed that the diameter distribution range of NOR-exos was 117 ± 41.9 nm and diameter distribution range of ONFH-exos was 131.9 ± 46.6 nm. “d”: diameter. c, d Transmission electron microscopy images displayed the double membrane and discoid shape of NOR-exos and ONFH-exos. Scale bar: 500 nm. e Western blotting analysis revealed that exosomal markers, CD63, CD9, Alix, Flotillin-1 and TSG101 were incremental in NOR-exos and ONFH-exos, compared to the supernatants. The normal bone tissue supernatant (NOR-SUP) and ONFH bone tissues supernatant (ONFH-SUP) in second ultra-centrifugation were used as control. f The uptake test showed that the exosomes were taken in by C3H10T1/2 cells and HMSCs, at 12 h and 6 h, respectively. PKH67 was used to stain the exosomes, and DAPI was used to stain the nuclei.