Fig. 8: Schematic diagram illustrating the mechanism of PD-L1 involves in regulating lung cancer growth and progression.

PD-L1 promotes p-S6 expression through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and also upregulates β-catenin expression by increasing phosphorylation of GSK3β (inactive form Ser9). β-Catenin binds to the WIP promoter and activates its expression in lung cancer cells.