Fig. 4: Necroptosis detection in the mDAergic neurons of VMP1^cKO mice.

Double-label immunofluorescence of p-RIP3 (Thr231/Ser232) (green) and TH (red) in the mDAergic neurons of VMP1^cKO and VMP1^cWT mice. Scale bar, 10 μm. B The proportion of TH⁺ neurons with p-RIPK3 puncta was quantified (N = 3 mice per genotype). C Double-label IFC staining of p-MLKL (phospho S345) (green) and TH (red) in the SNc of VMP1^cKO and VMP1^cWT mice. Scale bar, 10 μm. D The proportion of TH⁺ neurons with p-MLKL puncta was quantified (N = 3 mice per genotype). E Double-label immunofluorescence of cleaved-caspase3 (Asp175) (green) and TH (red) in the SNc of VMP1^cKO and VMP1^cWT mice. Scale bar, 10 μm. F The proportion of TH⁺ neurons with cleaved-caspase3 puncta was quantified (N = 3 mice per genotype). Data were analyzed by using Student’s t-test and were represented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001.