Fig. 2: α-synuclein induces NF-kB expression and activation in astrocytes.
From: Fibrillar α-synuclein induces neurotoxic astrocyte activation via RIP kinase signaling and NF-κB
a–d qRT-PCR analysis of indicated genes in human midbrain astrocyte cultures treated following 24 h PFF treatment ± cotreatment with JSH-23. e Confocal microscopy of NF-κB component p65 (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in human midbrain astrocytes following 2 h PFF treatment ± cotreatment with BAY. Scale bars = 20 μm. f Colocalization of red and blue signal in (e) is quantified as Fisher’s Z transformed index of correlation. g Nuclear fractions were isolated from human midbrain astrocyte cultures following 2 h PFF treatment ± cotreatment with BAY. Relative levels of p65 in nuclear fractions were quantified using ELISA. h, i Secondary analysis of microarray profiling of (h) rat astrocytes treated with conditioned neuronal medium containing LacZ or α-synuclein (GSE11574) or i human postmortem substantia nigra samples from patients with PD or healthy controls (GSE26927). Z scores were calculated for genes under the GO term 0038061 and those exhibiting significantly differential expression between groups (corrected p value < 0.05) are displayed in the respective heatmaps. j–m qRT-PCR analysis of indicated genes in human midbrain astrocyte cultures treated following 24 h PFF treatment ± cotreatment with indicated inhibitors. ns not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Bars represent group means. n = 6 independent replicates for all experiments.
