Fig. 1: In vitro oxygen−glucose deprivation (OGD) induces upregulation of TGF-β1 and stimulates M2 polarization in primary microglia cells. | Cell Death & Disease

Fig. 1: In vitro oxygen−glucose deprivation (OGD) induces upregulation of TGF-β1 and stimulates M2 polarization in primary microglia cells.

From: Extracellular vesicles from hypoxia-preconditioned microglia promote angiogenesis and repress apoptosis in stroke mice via the TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathway

Fig. 1

A Phase-contrast images of primary microglia cells under bright-field microscopy and immunofluorescence stainings against the markers Iba1, CD11b, CX3CR1, and CD68 are shown. B Quantitative measurement of TGF-β1 protein expression in primary microglia exposed to 4 h of OGD followed by different reoxygenation (RO) periods (24, 48, and 72 h) using Western blot analysis normalized with the housekeeping protein β-actin. Microglia cultivated under standard cell culture conditions (Normoxia) served as control (n = 3). C Quantitative immunofluorescence staining of Iba1 (green) in primary microglia cells co-localized with CD206 (red), representing M2 polarization of microglia kept under standard cell culture condition or exposed to 4 h of OGD followed by different RO periods (24, 48, and 72 h) (n = 5). Data are expressed as mean ± SD, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. OGD oxygen−glucose deprivation, RO reoxygenation.

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