Fig. 7: Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which GBM-serum-EVs affect GBM cell proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance.

GBM-serum-EVs deliver HOTAIR to GBM cells, where HOTAIR binds to miR-526b-3p and upregulates the expression of its target gene EVA1, thereby stimulating the proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance of GBM cells.