Table 2 Prospective cohort studies of dietary copper intake in CVD.
Year | Location | Number of patients | Age (years) | Sex | Follow- up (years) | Disease | Substance of experiment | Findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1967 | Finland | 206 | >31 | Both | <1 | CVD | High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (10 mg/l) | Copper is strongly associated with inflammatory burden | [138] |
1989 | Finland | 2492 | 42–61 | Male | 5 | CVD | Copper ion concentration 1.11 ± 0.18 mg/l | Association between high serum copper levels and increased risk of atherosclerotic CVD | [139] |
1999 | Japan | 58,646 | 40–79 | Both | 10 | CVD | The average copper intake of all patients is 1.33 ± 0.27 mg/day | Dietary copper intake is positively associated with cardiovascular mortality in men and women | [140] |
2001 | Finland | 1866 | 42–61 | Male | 3 | HF | Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) | Increased serum Cu/Zn ratio is associated with increased HF risk in a linear dose-response fashion and may improve HF risk assessment | [141] |
2010 | Japan | 196 | 80–98 | Both | 3 | CVD | – | Decreased MCTs are associated with greater serum copper levels | [142] |
2014 | USA | 1427 | 13–19 | Both | 3 | CVD | 111.7–129.7 μg/dl | Serum copper concentration correlates with total cholesterol concentration in adolescents | [143] |
2018 | USA | 10,550 | 20–80 | Both | 5 | CVD | The average copper intake of all patients is 2.19 ± 0.40 mg | The association between copper intake and stroke risk is more pronounced in female individuals and individuals younger than 65 years | [67] |
2021 | USA | 30,899 | >20 | Both | 11 | CVD | Copper supplement (1.8 mg/day) | Copper-containing dietary supplement use is not associated with mortality in US adults | [144] |
