Fig. 1: Function of DHT in bladder cancer.

A The incidence rate of bladder cancer in men is three times that in women. B Testosterone concentrations in male and female BLCA patients were higher than those in normal men and women. C The testosterone level of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) was higher than that of patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). D Colony formation assays showed that T24 and UMUC3 cell proliferation abilities were increased after adding DHT. E The invasion capacity of T24 and UMUC3 cells was increased after adding DHT, as assessed by Transwell assays. F–H Male mice after 25 weeks of BBN feeding showed more tumour formation and metastasis than castrated male mice and female mice. I Testosterone concentrations in male mice, castrated male mice, and female mice. Scale bar = 100 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.