Fig. 1: Tumor cells secrete several angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF, ANG, PDGF-B, TGF-β) that promote the proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs). | Cell Death & Disease

Fig. 1: Tumor cells secrete several angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF, ANG, PDGF-B, TGF-β) that promote the proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs).

From: Exploring the crosstalk between endothelial cells, immune cells, and immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment: new insights and therapeutic implications

Fig. 1: Tumor cells secrete several angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF, ANG, PDGF-B, TGF-β) that promote the proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs).

A hypoxic environment potentiates the ability of tumor cells to stimulate angiogenesis via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Tumor cells activate Notch1 signaling in ECs, facilitating tumor cell metastasis. Additionally, ECs downregulate Slit2, promoting tumor proliferation and motility. Exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs induces ECs to secrete TNF-α and enhances CXCL1/2 expression in cancer cells, leading to the development of therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, chemotherapy suppresses the expression of IGFBP7 in ECs, resulting in the emergence of aggressive and chemoresistant tumor cells.

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