Table 2 Summary of cellular injuries in DKD.

Type of kidney cells	Metabolic characteristics	Mitochondrial metabolism	Injuries	References
Tubular epithelial cells	TECs contain a large number of mitochondria and use FAO as the main source of energy.	Glucose metabolism	Inflammation	[51]
			Oxidative stress	[54]
			Apoptosis	[51]
			Autophagy disorder	[51]
		Lipid metabolism	Inflammation	[46, 47]
			Oxidative stress	[39, 46, 47]
			Apoptosis	[39, 48, 50]
		Amino acid metabolism	Oxidative stress	[55]
Podocytes	Podocytes contain a moderate density of mitochondria, which undergo both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis to satisfy the energy demand.	Glucose metabolism	Oxidative stress	[22, 41]
		Glucose metabolism	Apoptosis	[64]
		Lipid metabolism	Oxidative stress	[67]
			Apoptosis	[68]
			Autophagy disorder	[68, 70]
		Amino acid metabolism	Oxidative stress	[65, 66]
Mesangial cells	MCs and glomerular endothelial cells have fewer mitochondria and rely primarily on glycolysis to maintain cellular function.	Glucose metabolism	Inflammation	[74]
		Glucose metabolism	Oxidative stress	[73]
		Lipid metabolism	Inflammation	[74, 75]
		Lipid metabolism	Apoptosis	[76]
		Protein metabolism	Inflammation	[80]
Glomerular endothelial cells		Glucose metabolism	Inflammation	[6, 81]
			Oxidative stress	[81, 83]
			Apoptosis	[83]

Quick links

Search